The Green House Project, a national network of small nursing homes, have received plenty of attention for their low rates of COVID-19 during the pandemic. A University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study recently called it a “promising model” for the reinvention of nursing homes in a post-pandemic world.
But just how replicable is it? Providers and advocates say there’s still plenty of financial hurdles to cross before more nursing homes look like Green House homes.
(This is the second in a two-part series examining Green House homes as a potential solution to the long-term care crisis. The first part, which examined how Green House homes kept COVID-19 cases and deaths low, is available here).
To hear John Ponthie tell it, you have to visit a Green House Project nursing home to truly know what they’re like.
“This doesn't look like a nursing home. This doesn't smell like a nursing home. This doesn't feel like a nursing home,” he said. “This looks like a big home — a 7,500-square-foot home where these 12 elders live this rich life together, as rich as it can be given their functional decline.”
Ponthie is a managing member of Southern Administrative Services, which operates five Green House campuses in Arkansas. It’s a for-profit company that owns 25 traditional nursing homes in addition to its Green House homes.
“It can be a beautiful, functional, economically-sensible thing,” Ponthie said.
But Ponthie is in the minority. Only 18% of Green House homes are run by for-profit companies, compared to 70% of nursing homes nationally.
This lack of interest from for-profit providers is just one of the financial roadblocks that may prevent the Green House model, currently in just 300 nursing homes nationwide, from being replicated widely across the country.
“I don't know if they cost a fortune to go into those places, that's going to be the issue,” said Dr. Nancy Nielsen, a senior associate dean for health policy at the University at Buffalo’s Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. “Is it really something that can be replicated widely enough?”
For-profit providers scared off
Ponthie heard plenty of naysayers when his company first started exploring the idea of creating Green House homes over a decade ago.
“Everyone told us you can't do it, pooh-poohed it,” he said. “So it just made us want to do it more.”
Many for-profit providers are turned off by Green House homes’ construction costs, high standards of care, and potential liability risks that come with things like allowing residents’ 24/7 access to the kitchen, according to Ponthie.
They’re also hesitant simply due to the fact Green House homes are different from a traditional nursing home.
“It’s an unknown,” Ponthie said.
But Ponthie said Green House homes can be financially viable. Their quality usually means less staff turnover and higher resident occupancy rates. They also attract more residents who pay out of pocket.
“You put those things in the mix, and it more than neutralizes, in my opinion, the extra costs that you experience,” Ponthie said.
Plus, most Green House homes are not operated in a vacuum. They’re typically part of a larger nursing homes system. The 20-bed Green House campus in Fairport, for example, is under the umbrella of a separate, 450-bed facility 10 miles away.
“You can have 10 cottages, 10-to-12-person cottages on one campus and have economies of scale having 120 elders on that campus,” Ponthie added.
Of course, for-profit providers in and of themselves aren’t a perfect solution. A recent report by the New York State Attorney General’s Office found some for-profit nursing homes transfer funds to related parties rather than invest in staffing and personal protective equipment.
Susan Ryan, the Green House Project’s senior director, acknowledged that more for-profit investment is essential to building more Green Houses. She said the Green House Project, a non-profit organization, welcomes for-profit providers, so long as they’re willing to fully commit to the model.
“I do think that it does require a mindset shift. It really requires us to think about things differently,” she said.
Lack of access for Medicaid residents
Most nursing homes residents in the U.S. pay through the Medicaid program, whether because they’re low-income or they’ve already spent all their assets.
Most Green House home residents pay out of pocket.
Medicaid covers 62% of all nursing home residents nationwide, but only about 45% of Green House residents. While more private payers can make Green House homes more lucrative for providers, it also makes Green House homes less accessible to the average Medicaid resident.
Lindsay Heckler, an attorney with the Center for Elder Law and Justice, a nonprofit legal agency in Buffalo that assists low-income older adults, said Green House homes should be available for all residents, not just those who can afford to pay out of pocket.
“People who are on Medicaid, people from communities of color, they're more likely to go into one of these nursing homes that are lower rated,” she said. “So with the Green House model, there has to be an intention to making sure it is open to every potential resident, not just private pay. The model has to be designed as such that folks with Medicaid have the opportunity to live there and are not discriminated against.”
Ryan said a Green House home’s percentage of Medicaid residents depends largely on how much their state reimburses them for it.
“There are some states that do a much better job than others, that make it a little more feasible to have a higher percentage of Medicaid than other states,” she said. “We've got to create models that fit within our current reimbursement structure and we can't just create models that if you have the wherewithal to pay privately, you're golden.”
Medicaid incentives could be key
So, how do you create more Green House homes and make them accessible to all residents?
Increased Medicaid reimbursement rates, according to the AARP. The older adult interest group released a report last month recommending policymakers use Medicaid funds to incentivize providers to both build Green House homes and fill those homes with Medicaid residents.
Stephen Hanse agrees with that solution. He’s president and CEO of the New York State Health Facilities Association, a trade group representing 400 nursing homes and assisted living facilities.
Hanse said there’s about a $56 per day shortfall between what New York provides nursing homes for a Medicaid resident and the actual cost of caring for that resident. Meanwhile, New York aimed to cut $2.5 billion in Medicaid spendinglast year.
“The paradigm will have to change where policymakers view long-term care as an investment, as opposed to a budget expense,” he said.
The Green House Cottages of Popular Grove and similar campuses allow Green House homes, which only serve about 10 residents each, achieve economies of scale.
Credit WBFO/Southern Administrative Services
WBFO asked Gov. Andrew Cuomo’s administration, which has faced widespread criticism over its handling of nursing homes during the pandemic, about incentivizing small nursing homes via Medicaid.
In a statement, a spokesperson said the state calculates Medicaid rates based on a uniform methodology, but does allow for some flexibility, depending on a nursing home’s level of care and its building characteristics.
There doesn’t seem to be much momentum for Medicaid-incentivized small nursing homes in the New York State Legislature. Democrats in the state Senate Health Committee recently unveiled a package of nursing home reform bills. They’d do things like make nursing home finances more transparent and create better infection control standards, but none addressed small nursing homes or Medicaid incentives.
Ponthie said lawmakers across the country need to rethink their approach.
“If they look at this pandemic, ‘Oh, man, we feel so terrible for the elderly.’ They made a conscious decision to underfund long-term care, and what they get is what they got,” he said. “So the Green House comes along and says, ‘With this funding we can create this environment of care that's better quality of life, better quality of care, better quality of work life, and it's much safer and better for elders.’
“And, quite frankly, it's more dignified.”
Still, others feel a more tangible solution is simply better regulation of traditional nursing homes. Richard Mollot, executive director of the Long Term Care Community Coalition, a New York City-based advocacy group for nursing home residents, said the federal government and New York state need to first more consistently punish low-rated nursing homes.
“I mean, the problem is the industry has never really been penalized for poor and even inhumane treatment of residents,” he said. “So they don't change their model.”
The future of Green House homes
The Green House Project does share some of its best practices with traditional nursing homes outside its network. It hosted a public web seminar on its COVID response, titled “Elevate, Rise above the Chaos: The Green House Project Response to COVID-19.”
Ryan said the Green House Project has received a lot of new inquiries during the pandemic, but more so from interested families than potential providers. She feels providers are still reeling from the pandemic and may be hesitant to try anything new right at this moment.
“Everybody craves the comfort zone, self-included, I mean, I want to go back to the pre-pandemic way of life,” she said. “But I think that this has created an opportunity that we've got to stare it right in the face and say, ‘We can do better, we must do better.’”
WXXI's Beth Adams contributed to this two-part series.
This story was produced through the New York & Michigan Solutions Journalism Collaborative, a partnership of news organizations and universities dedicated to rigorous and compelling reporting about successful responses to social problems. The group is supported by the Solutions Journalism Network.
The collaborative’s first series, Invisible Army: Caregivers on the Front Lines, focuses on potential solutions to challenges facing caregivers of older adults.
